Introduction To Biochemistry Pharmacy Notes
Introduction to Biochemistry Definition: The term biochemistry was originated from the word “bios”which means life and ‘chemistry’ (chemical reactions)
Biochemistry is the branch of science which deals with the study of chemistry of living matter or cell /chemical reaction occurs in body.
The term biochemistry introduce by a German chemist Carl newbery in 1903.(Father of biochemistry)
Bio-molecule Introduction or Definition
- Bio-molecule also called biological molecules.
- Bio molecules are organic molecules present in living system.
- Elements present in bio-molecules are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen (Carbon plays major role).
- The biomolecules are divided into two types macro molecules and micro molecules.
Types of Bio-molecule
1. Macro-molecules:-
Macromolecules are high molecular weight and having large complex organic molecule which contain C,H,O,N etc.
eg., carbohydrate, protein ,lipid ,nucleic acid.
2. Micromolecules:-
Low molecular weight, smaller organic molecules, they act as a building blocks of macromolecules, so called as monomers.
eg., glucose act as monomer of higher carbohydrate molecules
The four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid etc.
Major types of Biomolecules
1. Protein
- Building block element:-amino acid
- Major function:- basic structure of cell and integrity of sale organelles.
2. DNA:-
- Building block element:-deoxyribonucleotide.
- Major function:-transformation of hereditary character from offspring to child.
3. RNA:-
- Building block element :- ribonucleotide.
- Major function:-protein biosynthesis.
4. Polyacrylamide:-
- Building block element:- starch, glycogen.
- Major function:-basic unit of glucose function as a storage from of energy.
5. Lipid:-
- Building block element:-fatty acid ,glycerol.
- Major function:- they are membrane component of sale and serve as storage of energy in the form of triglyceride.
Scope of biochemistry
There are five scope of biochemistry in pharmacy |
|
|
1 |
Drug formulation |
|
2 |
Drug improvement |
|
3 |
Half Life |
|
4 |
Expiry |
|
5 |
Drug storage |
D.Pharmacy Notes (new)
1. Drug formulation:- the biochemistry help in formulation of drug.
2. Drug improvement:-the biochemistry help in the improvement of drug.
3. Half Life:- the biochemistry helps to know the half life of a drug and biochemical test is performed to check, how long a drug is stable on given temperature.
4. Drug storage:- the storage condition required for a drug estimated by biochemical test.
5. Expiry:-the biochemistry help to know the expiry of drug.
Definition of metabolism (Biochemistry)
-
Metabolism
biochemical transformation of nutrients by enzymatic means to synthesize important bio-molecule and degrade for energy purpose is known as metabolism.
eg., carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid.
-
Catabolism
-
it is the process in which food staff is degraded to generate energy and metabolites which are required for anabolism.
eg., energy produced by oxidizing carbohydrates, amino acid,fats to CO2 and water.
-
Anabolism:-anabolism is the process in which formation of new molecule and structural and functional unit of cells.
Definition of Cell Pharmacy Notes
Definition:-cell is the basic structural and functional unit of any organism.
Organisms are classified according to –
- Unicellular (consisting of single cell including most bacteria)
- Multicellular (including plants & animals)
A cell is composed of few elements that combine to form a great variety of molecules carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are the major elements to form biomolecules in our diversity of cell.
There are two types of cells
- Eukaryotic cell
- Prokaryotic cell
1. Eukaryotic cell
An organism containing highly developed, very complex nucleus, surrounded by the nuclear envelope consisting of two membranes.
Eukaryotes are the larger and more complex than prokaryotes.
eg., protozoa.
2. Prokaryotic cell
An organism without true nucleus but their nuclear material being scatted in the cytoplasm of cell.
The prokaryotes are the simplest and smallest cell.
eg., E.coli.
Biochemical organization of cell
Sale consist of three parts, the cell membrane the nucleus and cytoplasm which is present in between this two.
B.Pharmacy Notes (new)
Components of cell
- Cell membrane
- Nucleus & nucleolus
- Cytoplast
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Centrosome
- Vacuole
1. Cell membrane/plasma membrane
A cell is enveloped and separated by a thin membrane called as plasma membrane or cell membrane.
It is concerned with the transport of molecules inside the cell and out the cell.
The outer membrane is made up of protein and polysaccharide, the middle membrane made up of phospholipids and cholesterol while inner layer contains any proteins.
It is semipermedle.
Functions of Cell membran
- It holds sell together.
- It’s secrets waste products.
- Transport of materials occurs cell.
2. Cytoplasm
Inside the cell, the cytoplasm is a jail like fluid it serve as a catalyst for chemical reaction it contains organelles embeded in it and should components.
The soluble protein of cytoplasm is known as cytosol.
The cytoplasm contain stored food materials like carbohydrate, fats, protein and also pigments like hemoglobin, melanin etc.
3. Nucleus
It is present in the centre of cell and it is heaviest component of cell.
It is the transmission side and control of hereditary cellar character istics.
The nucleus contains chromosomes.
Chromosome contains DNA which is genetic matter
4. Mitochondria
In the cytoplasm there are numerous double layers elongated bodies are called as mitochondria.
It is also called as powerhouse of the cell.
The mitochondria are surrounded by a smooth outer membrane enclosing a fluid matrix.
Inner membrane remains folded and forms number of portions called cristae.
Functions of Mitochondria
- It is responsible for oxidative metabolism.
- It plays important role in respiration and energy production from the nutrients in the form of ATP.
- It contains enzyme that control the synthesis of lipids.
5. Golgi apparatus
It is com compact and consist of parallel membrane.
This are organelles to which the newly synthesized, protein are transferred and temporarity Stored.
It is the side for enzyme secretion.
Eat participates in formation of lysosomes.
6. Lysosomes
These are small vascular structure containing homogeneous fluid, it is composed of liquid/lipoproteins.
Live show Som are regarded as the digestive tract of cell.
7. Endoplasmic reticulum
Within the cytoplasm of cell extensive network of membrane orranged in plates & tubules known as endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum in that small round bodies present is called as ribosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum with the ribosome called as rough endoplasmic reticulum while in absence of ribosomes are called as smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
It helps in protein synthesis.
8. Ribosomes
These are the smallest granules either attached to the outer membrane of reticulum.
It helps in protein synthesis.
Definition of Metabolism
The chemical energy is transformer into biological and formed ATP this transformation is called as metabolism.
Definition of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone aur compounds which derived from their hydrolysis.
Elements present in carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are the hydrates of carbon.
Carbohydrates are aften called as sugar or sacred having general formula is Cn(H2O)n.
n is the number of atoms.
Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate present in liver and muscles.
Functions of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrate serve as an important source and storage of energy.
- Carbohydrates are the precursors from many organic compounds fat and amino acids.
- Carbohydrates are important raw material of the industrial production.
- They are structural compounds of many organisms these include fibres like cellulose of plants, exoskeleton of some cell wall of micro-organisms.
- Heparin is an anticoagulant it prevents the coagulation of blood.
- Lactose is the principle sugar of milk.
- Carbohydrates like textile, artificial silk paper, fementate.
Properties of Carbohydrates
- They have sweet flavour.
- Water soluble.
- They have crystalline appearance.
